Mabea (genus)

:For the ethnic group, see Mabea (ethnic group).
- Mabea fistulifera
- Mabea montana
- Mabea piriri
- et al. Mabea is a plant genus of the family Euphorbiaceae. It is found in the Americas. It has about 40 species. Category:Euphorbiaceae

Genus

In biology, a genus (plural genera) is a grouping in the classification of living organisms having one or more related and morphologically similar species. In the common binomial nomenclature, the name of an organism is composed of two parts: its genus (always capitalized) and a species modifier. An example is Homo sapiens, the name for the human species which belongs to the genus Homo. See scientific classification for more details of this system. The type genus of a taxon is usually the first genus to be named and described. Families, and in plants all taxa up to division, are named after the type genus. The genus and these higher taxa are typified by a specimen that shows the characteristics of the genus. The specimen used to describe this species is preserved as the holotype and designated as a generitype in a zoological museum or a herbarium to be available for further study. A generic name in one kingdom is allowed to bear the same name as a genus or other taxon name in another kingdom (though this is discouraged by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature). For instance, Anura is a genus of plants in the family Asteraceae and the order of frogs; Aotus is the genus of golden peas and night monkeys; Oenanthe is the genus of wheatears and water dropworts, and Prunella is the genus of accentors and self-heal. It is, however, not allowed for two genera within the same kingdom to have the same name. This explains why the platypus genus is Ornithorhynchus — although the name Platypus was chosen by George Shaw in 1799, that name had already been given to the ambrosia beetle by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. Since beetles and platypuses are both member of the kingdom Animalia, the name Platypus could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800.

Family (biology)

In biological classification, family is one of the most important ranks, next only to species and genus. See:
- rank (botany)
- rank (zoology)
- Virus classification rank13 rank13 rank13 als:Familie (Biologie) ms:Famili

Euphorbiaceae

- Acalyphoideae
- Crotonoideae
- Euphorbioideae
- Oldfieldioideae For a full list of genera, see
Taxonomy of the Euphorbiaceae. The Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) is a large family of flowering plants with 280 genera and around 6,000 species. Most are herbs, but some, especially in the tropics, are also shrubs or trees. Some are succulent and resemble cacti. This family occurs mainly in the tropics, with the majority of the species in the Indo-Malayan region and tropical America a good second. There is a large variety in tropical Africa, but it is not as abundant or varied as in the two tropical regions. However, Euphorbia also has many species in non-tropical areas such as the Mediterranean, the Middle East, South Africa and southern USA. The leaves are alternate, seldom opposite, with stipules. They are mainly simple, but where compound, are always palmate, never pinnate. Stipules may be reduced to hairs, glands, or spines. The radially symmetrical flowers are unisexual, with the male and the female flowers usually occurring on the same plant. As can be expected from such a large family, there is a wide variety in the structure of the flowers. They can be monoecious or dioecious. The stamens (the male organs) can number from 1 to 10 (or even more). The female flowers are hypogynous, that is, with a superior ovary. ovary The genera, Euphorbia and Chamaesyce, show a highly specialized form of inflorescence called a cyathium. This is usually a small cup-like [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/involucre involucre] consisting of peripheral horseshoe-shaped nectaries surrounding a ring of male flowers, each a single stamen. In the middle of the cyathium stands a female flower: a single pistil with branched stigmas. This whole arrangement resembles a single flower. The fruit is usually a schizocarp, sometimes a drupe. A typical schizocarp is the regma, a capsular fruit with three or more cells, each of which splits open at maturity into separate parts and then breaks away explosively, scattering the small seeds. The family contains a large variety of phytotoxins (toxic substances produced by plants), mainly diterpene esters, alkaloids, glycosides, and ricin-type toxins. A milky sap or latex is a characteristic of the subfamilies Euphorbioideae and Crotonoideae. This milky sap is poisonous in the Euphorbioideae, innocuous in the Crotonoideae. White mangrove (Excoecaria agallocha), or Blind-Your-Eye Mangrove sap causes blistering on contact and temporary blindness if it contacts the eyes. Other common names are Milky Mangrove, Buta Buta (Malay), Gewa (Bangladesh).

Uses

A number of plants of the Spurge family are of considerable economic importance. Prominent plants include manioc, the Castor bean, and the Para rubber tree. Many are grown as ornamental plants, such as poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima).

Taxonomy

The Euphorbiaceae is a complex family with a notoriously difficult circumscription. It is divided into four subfamilies:
- the Acalyphoideae (by far the largest),
- the Crotonoideae,
- the Euphorbioideae,
- the Oldfieldioideae. A former fifth subfamily (the Phyllanthoideae) has been separated from the Euphorbiaceae as a result of lineage analysis and now is treated as the family Phyllanthaceae. This latter's circumscription is nearly coincident with that of former subfamily Phyllanthoideae, with the exception that tribe Drypeteae is now the family Putranjivaceae. Putranjivaceae

References

- [http://www.ars-grin.gov/~sbmljw/cgi-bin/family.pl?433 Data from GRIN Taxonomy]
- [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/Euphorbi.htm Euphorbiaceae] in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.] http://delta-intkey.com Category:Plant families Category:Malpighiales
- Category:Poisonous plants Category:Dermatology ja:トウダイグサ科

Category:Euphorbiaceae

Category:Malpighiales

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